Placopsis (Nyl.) Linds.

NZOR Identifier: c41ef65f-48f3-466a-ab85-48a7333c14e5

Status

Preferred Name (NZOR Concept Id 4f72fc99-120b-407a-93a4-1e6e0beac55f)

Classification

kingdom
Fungi
subkingdom
Dikarya
phylum
Ascomycota
subphylum
Pezizomycotina
class
Lecanoromycetes
subclass
Ostropomycetidae
order
Baeomycetales
family
Trapeliaceae
genus
Placopsis (Nyl.) Linds.

Providers

Biostatus

Geo Schema
ISO Country
Geo Region
New Zealand
Biome
Terrestrial
Environmental Context
Wild
Occurrence
Present
Origin
Non-endemic
In Use
False
Geo Schema
ISO Country
Geo Region
New Zealand
Biome
Terrestrial
Environmental Context
Wild
Occurrence
Present
In Use
True

Scientific Name

Authority
(Nyl.) Linds.
Rank
genus
Published in
Lindsay, W.L. 1866: Observations on New Zealand lichens. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 25: 493–560.
Micro-reference (page)
536
Year
1866
Name of Type of taxon
Placopsis gelida (L.) Linds.
Governing Code
ICBN
Is Recombination
No

Taxon Concept

NZOR Concept Id
4f72fc99-120b-407a-93a4-1e6e0beac55f
According to
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts
Has Parent
Trapeliaceae (In use by NZOR)
Preferred Name
Placopsis (Nyl.) Linds. (In use by NZOR) }

Taxon Concept

NZOR Concept Id
bf1992c5-7e8c-485b-9244-f17e0cecb671
According to
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts
Has Parent
Trapeliaceae

Taxon Concept

NZOR Concept Id
eef32288-2a52-45dc-badf-3e089d6fd033
According to
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Taxon Concept

NZOR Concept Id
19bc58d0-ed17-426e-aa93-914c26a28565
According to
Kirk, P.M.; Cannon, P.F.; Minter, D.W.; Stalpers, J.A. 2008-: IndexFungorum Higher Classification.http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp
Has Parent
Trapeliaceae

Taxon Concept

NZOR Concept Id
11ef8fe9-5dd1-4c89-8455-a279687a8f30
According to
Kirk, P.M.; Cannon, P.F.; David, J.C.; Stalpers, J.A. ed. 2001: Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi.9th Edition ed. CAB International.
Has Parent
Trapeliaceae

Taxon Concept

NZOR Concept Id
682d486a-ac94-4b9b-b194-b86c1377c059
According to
Galloway, D.J. 2007: Flora of New Zealand; Lichens, including lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi. Revised second edition. 2. Lincoln, Manaaki Whenua Press. 2261 p.
Preferred Name
Placopsis (Nyl.) Linds. }

Taxon Concept

NZOR Concept Id
852ca9de-473b-4ee9-ba3f-ea5d46d11486
According to
Kirk, P.M.; Cannon, P.F.; Minter, D.W.; Stalpers, J.A. ed. 2008: Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi.10th Edition ed. CABI Publishing.
Has Parent
Trapeliaceae

Taxon Concept

NZOR Concept Id
cc4918b8-9412-4cd3-81f4-9eee6d9f00a2
According to
Galloway, D. J. 1985: Flora of New Zealand: Lichens. Wellington, Government Printer.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis alphoplacoides I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis ampliata (I.M.Lamb) D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis ampliata (I.M.Lamb) D.J.Galloway
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis ampliata (I.M.Lamb) D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis argillacea (C.Knight) Malcolm & Vězda
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis argillacea (C.Knight) Malcolm & Vězda
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis aspicilioides D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis aspicilioides D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis bicolor (Tuck.) B.de Lesd.
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis bicolor (Tuck.) B.de Lesd.
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis bicolor (Tuck.) de Lesd.
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis brevilobata (Zahlbr.) I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis brevilobata (Zahlbr.) I.M.Lamb
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis brevilobata (Zahlbr.) I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis campbelliana Imshaug ex D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis campbelliana Imshaug ex D.J.Galloway
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis campbelliana Imshaug ex D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis centrifuga D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis centrifuga D.J.Galloway
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis centrifuga D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis clavifera (I.M.Lamb) D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis clavifera (I.M.Lamb) D.J.Galloway
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis clavifera (I.M.Lamb) D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis contortuplicata I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis cribellans (Nyl.) Räsänen
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis cribellans (Nyl.) Räsänen
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis cribellans (Nyl.) Räsänen
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis dennanensis (Zahlbr.) I.M.Lamb ex D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis dennanensis (Zahlbr.) I.M.Lamb ex D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis durietziorum D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis durietziorum D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis dusenii I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis dusenii I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis elixii D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis elixii D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis erosa D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis erosa D.J.Galloway
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis fuscidula I.M.Lamb ex Räsänen
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis fuscidula I.M.Lamb ex Räsänen
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis fuscidula I.M.Lamb ex Räsänen
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis fusciduloides D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis fusciduloides D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis gelida (L.) Linds.
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis gelida (L.) Linds.
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis gelidioides Du Rietz
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis gelidioides Du Rietz ex I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis hertelii D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis hertelii D.J.Galloway
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis hertelii D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis illita (C.Knight) I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis illita (C.Knight) I.M.Lamb
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis illita (C.Knight) I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis lambii Hertel & V.Wirth
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis lambii Hertel & V.Wirth
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis lambii Hertel & V.Wirth
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis lateritioides I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis lateritioides I.M.Lamb
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis lateritioides I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis macrophthalma (Hook.f. & Taylor) Nyl.
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis macrospora D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis macrospora D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis microphylla (I.M.Lamb.) D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis microphylla (I.M.Lamb.) D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis murrayi D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis murrayi D.J.Galloway
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis murrayi D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis parellina (Nyl.) I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis parellina (Nyl.) I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis perrugosa (Nyl.) Nyl.
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis perrugosa (Nyl.) Nyl.
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis perrugosa (Nyl.) Nyl.
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis polycarpa D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis polycarpa D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis pruinosa D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis pruinosa D.J.Galloway
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis pruinosa D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis rhodocarpa (Nyl.) Nyl.
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis rhodocarpa (Nyl.) Nyl.
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis rhodocarpa (Nyl.) Nyl.
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis rhodomma Nyl.
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis rhodophthalma (Müll.Arg.) Räsänen
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis rhodophthalma (Müll.Arg.) Räsänen
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis rhodophthalma (Müll.Arg.) Räsänen
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis salazina I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis salazina I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis stenophylla (Hue) I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis stenophylla (Hue) I.M.Lamb
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis stenophylla (Hue) I.M.Lamb
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis subcribellans (I.M.Lamb) D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis subcribellans (I.M.Lamb) D.J.Galloway
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis subcribellans (I.M.Lamb) D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis subgelida (Nyl.) Nyl.
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis subgelida (Nyl.) Nyl.
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis subparellina Nyl.
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis subparellina Nyl.
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis tararuana (Zahlbr.) D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis tararuana (Zahlbr.) D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis trachyderma (Kremp.) P.James
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis trachyderma (Kremp.) P.James
According To
Galloway, D.J. 2013: The lichen genera Aspiciliopsis and Placopsis (Trapeliales: Trapeliaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand. Phytotaxa 120: 1–194.

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis venosa Imshaug ex D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFUNGI (2012-) New Zealand Fungi Names - Name Based Concepts

Subordinate Taxon Concept

Full Name
Placopsis venosa Imshaug ex D.J.Galloway
According To
NZFLORA (2012-) New Zealand Plant Names - Name based concepts

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